我国玉米大斑病菌生理分化及小种分布研究

在温室条件下,利用从美国新引进的B37、B37Ht1、B37Ht2、B37Ht3、B37HtN和OH43、OH43Htl、OH43Ht2、OH43Ht3、OH43HtN两套玉米大斑病菌生理小种鉴别寄主,对来源于我国15省33市(县)的39株玉米大斑病菌株进行小种鉴定。结果表明,在供试菌株中共鉴定出0、1、2、12、123、1N、123N共7个生理小种,其中以0号和1号生理小种在我国分布广泛,出现频率最高,分别为33.3%和35.9%;在黑龙江、吉林、辽宁和河北等省(区)玉米大斑病菌生理分化明显、种类多,其他省(区)小种种类相对少。     

东北春玉米区玉米栽培品种对大斑病抗性水平研究

通过人工接种,利用分离纯化的玉米大斑病强毒力菌株和混合菌株对2008～2009年从东北地区收集的269份玉米品种进行温室和大田玉米大斑病抗性水平鉴定。结果表明,温室鉴定条件下这些栽培品种对玉米大斑病抗性水平较低,田间人工接种和自然发病处理整体表现抗玉米大斑病水平较高。田间人工接种处理高感病品种(HS)占0.37%,感病(S)品种占4.83%,中抗(MR)品种占31.60%,抗病(R)品种占55.02%,高抗(HR)品种占7.80%;温室人工接种处理高感品种占64.31%,感病品种占21.56%,中抗品种占10.40%,抗病品种仅占3.72%;田间自然发病处理高感病品种为0,感病品种占1.11%,中抗品种占10.40%,抗病品种占22.68%,高抗品种占65.80%。     

玉米抗大斑病菌基因及其遗传背景与过氧化物酶同工酶关系的研究

以玉米抗、感大斑病菌近等基因系为材料,研究了Ht1、Ht2和HtN等抗病基因以及B37和HZ1等遗传背景与玉米大斑病菌侵染前后寄主过氧化物酶活性和其同工酶酶谱的关系。结果发现,过氧化物酶活性、过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱以及它们在病程中的变化与抗病基因所处的遗传背景有十分密切的关系。本研究表明遗传背景不但决定和影响正常植物的生理生化特征,而且明显地影响植物对病原菌侵染所产生的生理生化反应和变化。     

A histological assessment of the infection strategy of Exserohilum turcicum in maize

Northern leaf blight is a lethal foliar disease of maize caused by the fungus Exserohilum turcicum. The aim of this study was to elucidate the infection strategy of the fungus in maize leaves using modern microscopy techniques and to understand better the hemibiotrophic lifestyle of E. turcicum. Leaf samples were collected from inoculated B73 maize plants at 1, 4, 9, 11, 14 and 18 days post-inoculation (dpi). Samples were prepared according to standard microscopy procedures and analysed using light microscopy as well as scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Microscopic observations were preceded by macroscopic observations for each time point. The fungus penetrated the leaf epidermal cells at 1 dpi and the disease was characterized by chlorotic leaf flecks. At 4 dpi the chlorotic flecks enlarged to form spots, and at 9 dpi hyphae were seen in the epidermal cells surrounding the infection site. At 11 dpi lesions started to form on the leaves and SEM revealed the presence of hyphae in the vascular bundles. At 14 dpi the xylem was almost completely blocked by hyphal growth. Hyphae spread into the adjacent bundle sheath cells causing cellular damage, characterized by plasmolysis, at 18 dpi and conidiophores formed through the stomata. Morphologically, lesions started to enlarge and coalesce leading to wilting of leaves. This study provides an updated, detailed view of the infection strategy of E. turcicum in maize and supports previous findings that E. turcicum follows a hemibiotrophic lifestyle.     

玉米大斑病菌Ht－毒素在玉米品种抗病性鉴定中的应用

玉米大斑病菌在活体外产生的致病毒素（Ｈｔ－毒素）不仅能抑制玉米幼苗根和芽的生长，而且对玉米离体根冠细胞也有明显的致死作用。试验发现，玉米大斑菌菌株的致病力与其培养滤液对玉米幼苗根生长的抑制率呈正相关（ｒ＝０．８４），玉米品种的感病性也与毒素处理后根冠细胞的死亡率呈正相关（ｒ＝０．８２）。结论指出，用玉米大班菌Ｈｉ－毒素鉴定玉米品种的抗病性是可行的。     

农用抗生素S024作用机理的初步研究

农用抗生素S024对棉花枯萎病菌和禾谷丝核菌具有明显的抗生作用。用10%的农抗S024发酵粗提液处理后,2种病原菌的细胞壁均被破坏,内含物外渗,液泡消失,菌丝体断裂,其生长能力被抑制,但是解除农抗S024的胁迫后,病原菌菌丝可恢复生长;同时,农抗S024对病原菌的孢子萌发也有一定的抑制作用。     

玉米蠕孢类病菌生理分化研究的历史与现状

玉米上的蠕孢类病茵主要有玉米大斑病菌、、玉米小斑病菌和玉米园斑病菌。本文对上述3种病菌生理小种研究的历史和现状进行了评述,指出了研究中的最新进展及存在的问题,以便更好地指导当前生产中的抗病育种工作。     

Hm—毒素在玉米大,小斑病菌相互关系中的作用

玉米小斑病菌(Helminthosporium maydis)所产生的致病毒素(Hmtoxin)能抑制玉米大斑病菌(Exserohilum turcicum)的生长和降低产孢量。在PDA培养基上、当小斑菌存在时,也象Hm—毒素一样,使大斑菌的生长受到抑制,而且凡是有利于小斑菌产生毒素的培养条件都能使小斑菌对大斑菌的抑制作用更加强烈。在幼苗上,Hm—毒素象小斑菌一样使大斑病的病斑少而小。据此,本文进一步明确了在小斑病常发区大斑病一般不易流行,从而大大减轻了在小斑病常发区防治大斑病的压力。     

玉米大斑病菌2号小种毒素的生物测定与组分分析

试验用３种有机溶剂按极性大小的顺对玉米大斑病菌菌２号小种毒素进行了萃取，并对各萃取物进行生物测定，结果表明，乙酸乙酯相和水相对玉米叶片及根冠细胞的毒性最大，故推测特异性组分的极性很大，介于乙酸乙酯和水之间，且该组分在乙酸乙酯和水中溶解度最大，进而将培养滤液用乙酸乙酯进行萃取，并对粗提物进行组分分析,。得到了含有５种组分和ＨＰＬＣ谱图。     

Differential susceptibility of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli) ecotypes to Exserohilum longirostratum

Ten barnyard grass ( Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli ) ecotypes collected from several locations in Malaysian and Indonesian granaries were tested for variation in their susceptibility to the leaf blight pathogen ( Exserohilum longirostratum ). Four phenological growth stages of the ecotypes were sprayed with E. longirostratum at the rate of 1 × 10⁷ conidia mL⁻¹ under glasshouse conditions. The results of the study showed that plants inoculated with 1 × 10⁷ conidia mL⁻¹ and exposed for 24 h dew periods were severely infected and the percentage dry weight reduction of all ecotypes significantly increased. The 1–2 and 2–3-leaf stage plants were completely killed within 6 days after inoculation. However, susceptibility reactions among the ecotypes were observed at the 4–5-leaf stage, while the 6–7-leaf stage was resistant. The ecotypes, K-02, PK-04, KN-02, CJ-01, and L-01, were the most susceptible ecotypes as indicated by a higher area under disease progress curve value. The apparent disease progress rates for these ecotypes were significantly faster compared to the other ecotypes. The dry weight reduction among the four growth stages was variable. These findings show that the 1–2 and 2–3-leaf stages are the most susceptible, while the 6–7-leaf stage was resistant. This study has confirmed that a variable response to the fungal pathogen occurred within an intraspecific barnyard grass collection.